Introduction¶

1. Clang-tidy Mac Os
2. Clang Compiler Download
3. Clang For Mac Os X
4. Llvm Clang Mac Os X

This document will guide you in choosing the right Clang optionsfor cross-compiling your code to a different architecture. It assumes youalready know how to compile the code in question for the host architecture,and that you know how to choose additional include and library paths.

However, this document is not a “how to” and won’t help you setting yourbuild system or Makefiles, nor choosing the right CMake options, etc.Also, it does not cover all the possible options, nor does it containspecific examples for specific architectures. For a concrete example, theinstructions for cross-compiling LLVM itself may be of interest.

After reading this document, you should be familiar with the main issuesrelated to cross-compilation, and what main compiler options Clang providesfor performing cross-compilation.

Xcode 3.1 was an update release of the developer tools for Mac OS X, and was the same version included with the iPhone SDK. It could target non-Mac OS X platforms, including iPhone OS 2.0. It included the GCC 4.2 and LLVM GCC 4.2 compilers. Another new feature since Xcode 3.0 is that Xcode's SCM support now includes Subversion 1.5. On the other hand, Clang/LLVM is natively a cross-compiler, meaning that one set of programs can compile to all targets by setting the -target option. That makes it a lot easier for programmers wishing to compile to different platforms and architectures, and for compiler developers that only have to maintain one build system, and for OS.

Cross compilation issues¶

In GCC world, every host/target combination has its own set of binaries,headers, libraries, etc. So, it’s usually simple to download a packagewith all files in, unzip to a directory and point the build system tothat compiler, that will know about its location and find all it needs towhen compiling your code.

On the other hand, Clang/LLVM is natively a cross-compiler, meaning thatone set of programs can compile to all targets by setting the -targetoption. That makes it a lot easier for programmers wishing to compile todifferent platforms and architectures, and for compiler developers thatonly have to maintain one build system, and for OS distributions, thatneed only one set of main packages.

Clang 8.0.0 for OS X 10.11 and higher, release build for x8664, signed package, installs into /usr/local/clang8. To be used with El Capitan builds of R 3.7.0 and higher. It is an installer version of the official LLVM released binaries only modified to use the path above. Requires Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) or higher for 32-bit R and Mac OS X. This folder doesn't exist on my computer (OS X 10.8.5). Since MEX has been configured to use 'Xcode with Clang', the equivalent SDKs directory is.

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But, as is true to any cross-compiler, and given the complexity ofdifferent architectures, OS’s and options, it’s not always easy findingthe headers, libraries or binutils to generate target specific code.So you’ll need special options to help Clang understand what targetyou’re compiling to, where your tools are, etc.

Another problem is that compilers come with standard libraries only (likecompiler-rt, libcxx, libgcc, libm, etc), so you’ll have tofind and make available to the build system, every other library requiredto build your software, that is specific to your target. It’s not enough tohave your host’s libraries installed.

Finally, not all toolchains are the same, and consequently, not every Clangoption will work magically. Some options, like --sysroot (whicheffectively changes the logical root for headers and libraries), assumeall your binaries and libraries are in the same directory, which may nottrue when your cross-compiler was installed by the distribution’s packagemanagement. So, for each specific case, you may use more than oneoption, and in most cases, you’ll end up setting include paths (-I) andlibrary paths (-L) manually.

• be host/target specific or more flexible
• be in a single directory, or spread out across your system
• have different sets of libraries and headers by default
• need special options, which your build system won’t be able to figureout by itself

General Cross-Compilation Options in Clang¶

Target Triple¶

The basic option is to define the target architecture. For that, use-target<triple>. If you don’t specify the target, CPU names won’tmatch (since Clang assumes the host triple), and the compilation willgo ahead, creating code for the host platform, which will break lateron when assembling or linking.

• arch = x86_64, i386, arm, thumb, mips, etc.
• sub = for ex. on ARM: v5, v6m, v7a, v7m, etc.
• vendor = pc, apple, nvidia, ibm, etc.
• sys = none, linux, win32, darwin, cuda, etc.
• abi = eabi, gnu, android, macho, elf, etc.

The sub-architecture options are available for their own architectures,of course, so “x86v7a” doesn’t make sense. The vendor needs to bespecified only if there’s a relevant change, for instance between PCand Apple. Most of the time it can be omitted (and Unknown)will be assumed, which sets the defaults for the specified architecture.The system name is generally the OS (linux, darwin), but could be speciallike the bare-metal “none”.

When a parameter is not important, it can be omitted, or you canchoose unknown and the defaults will be used. If you choose a parameterthat Clang doesn’t know, like blerg, it’ll ignore and assumeunknown, which is not always desired, so be careful.

Finally, the ABI option is something that will pick default CPU/FPU,define the specific behaviour of your code (PCS, extensions),and also choose the correct library calls, etc.

CPU, FPU, ABI¶

Once your target is specified, it’s time to pick the hardware you’llbe compiling to. For every architecture, a default set of CPU/FPU/ABIwill be chosen, so you’ll almost always have to change it via flags.

• -mcpu=<cpu-name>, like x86-64, swift, cortex-a15
• -mfpu=<fpu-name>, like SSE3, NEON, controlling the FP unit available
• -mfloat-abi=<fabi>, like soft, hard, controlling which registersto use for floating-point

The default is normally the common denominator, so that Clang doesn’tgenerate code that breaks. But that also means you won’t get the bestcode for your specific hardware, which may mean orders of magnitudeslower than you expect.

For example, if your target is arm-none-eabi, the default CPU willbe arm7tdmi using soft float, which is extremely slow on modern cores,whereas if your triple is armv7a-none-eabi, it’ll be Cortex-A8 withNEON, but still using soft-float, which is much better, but still notgreat.

Toolchain Options¶

There are three main options to control access to your cross-compiler:--sysroot, -I, and -L. The two last ones are well known,but they’re particularly important for additional librariesand headers that are specific to your target.

There are two main ways to have a cross-compiler:

1. When you have extracted your cross-compiler from a zip file intoa directory, you have to use --sysroot=<path>. The path is theroot directory where you have unpacked your file, and Clang willlook for the directories bin, lib, include in there.

   In this case, your setup should be pretty much done (if noadditional headers or libraries are needed), as Clang will findall binaries it needs (assembler, linker, etc) in there.

2. When you have installed via a package manager (modern Linuxdistributions have cross-compiler packages available), makesure the target triple you set is also the prefix of yourcross-compiler toolchain.

   In this case, Clang will find the other binaries (assembler,linker), but not always where the target headers and librariesare. People add system-specific clues to Clang often, but asthings change, it’s more likely that it won’t find than theother way around.

   So, here, you’ll be a lot safer if you specify the include/librarydirectories manually (via -I and -L).

Target-Specific Libraries¶

All libraries that you compile as part of your build will becross-compiled to your target, and your build system will probablyfind them in the right place. But all dependencies that arenormally checked against (like libxml or libz etc) will matchagainst the host platform, not the target.

So, if the build system is not aware that you want to cross-compileyour code, it will get every dependency wrong, and your compilationwill fail during build time, not configure time.

Also, finding the libraries for your target are not as easyas for your host machine. There aren’t many cross-libraries availableas packages to most OS’s, so you’ll have to either cross-compile themfrom source, or download the package for your target platform,extract the libraries and headers, put them in specific directoriesand add -I and -L pointing to them.

Also, some libraries have different dependencies on different targets,so configuration tools to find dependencies in the host can get thelist wrong for the target platform. This means that the configurationof your build can get things wrong when setting their own librarypaths, and you’ll have to augment it via additional flags (configure,Make, CMake, etc).

Multilibs¶

When you want to cross-compile to more than one configuration, forexample hard-float-ARM and soft-float-ARM, you’ll have to have multiplecopies of your libraries and (possibly) headers.

Some Linux distributions have support for Multilib, which handle thatfor you in an easier way, but if you’re not careful and, for instance,forget to specify -ccc-gcc-namearmv7l-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (whichuses hard-float), Clang will pick the armv7l-linux-gnueabi-ld(which uses soft-float) and linker errors will happen.

The same is true if you’re compiling for different ABIs, like gnueabiand androideabi, and might even link and run, but produce run-timeerrors, which are much harder to track down and fix.

In this tutorial, you configure Visual Studio Code on macOS to use the Clang/LLVM compiler and debugger.

After configuring VS Code, you will compile and debug a simple C++ program in VS Code. This tutorial does not teach you about Clang or the C++ language. For those subjects, there are many good resources available on the Web.

If you have any trouble, feel free to file an issue for this tutorial in the VS Code documentation repository.

Prerequisites

To successfully complete this tutorial, you must do the following:

1. Install Visual Studio Code on macOS.

2. Install the C++ extension for VS Code. You can install the C/C++ extension by searching for 'c++' in the Extensions view (⇧⌘X (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+X)).

Ensure Clang is installed

Clang may already be installed on your Mac. To verify that it is, open a macOS Terminal window and enter the following command:

1. If Clang isn't installed, enter the following command to install the command line developer tools:

Create Hello World

From the macOS Terminal, create an empty folder called projects where you can store all your VS Code projects, then create a subfolder called helloworld, navigate into it, and open VS Code in that folder by entering the following commands:

The code . command opens VS Code in the current working folder, which becomes your 'workspace'. As you go through the tutorial, you will create three files in a .vscode folder in the workspace:

• tasks.json (compiler build settings)
• launch.json (debugger settings)
• c_cpp_properties.json (compiler path and IntelliSense settings)

Add hello world source code file

In the File Explorer title bar, select New File and name the file helloworld.cpp.

Paste in the following source code:

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Now press ⌘S (Windows, Linux Ctrl+S) to save the file. Notice that your files are listed in the File Explorer view (⇧⌘E (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+E)) in the side bar of VS Code:

You can also enable Auto Save to automatically save your file changes, by checking Auto Save in the main File menu.

The Activity Bar on the edge of Visual Studio Code lets you open different views such as Search, Source Control, and Run. You'll look at the Run view later in this tutorial. You can find out more about the other views in the VS Code User Interface documentation.

Note: When you save or open a C++ file, you may see a notification from the C/C++ extension about the availability of an Insiders version, which lets you test new features and fixes. You can ignore this notification by selecting the X (Clear Notification).

Explore IntelliSense

In the helloworld.cpp file, hover over vector or string to see type information. After the declaration of the msg variable, start typing msg. as you would when calling a member function. You should immediately see a completion list that shows all the member functions, and a window that shows the type information for the msg object:

You can press the Tab key to insert the selected member. Then, when you add the opening parenthesis, you'll see information about arguments that the function requires.

Build helloworld.cpp

Next, you'll create a tasks.json file to tell VS Code how to build (compile) the program. This task will invoke the Clang C++ compiler to create an executable file from the source code.

It's important to have helloworld.cpp open in the editor because the next step uses the active file in the editor as context to create the build task in the next step.

From the main menu, choose Terminal > Configure Default Build Task. A dropdown will appear listing various predefined build tasks for the compilers that VS Code found on your machine. Choose C/C++ clang++ build active file to build the file that is currently displayed (active) in the editor.

This will create a tasks.json file in the .vscode folder and open it in the editor.

Replace the contents of that file with the following:

The JSON above differs from the default template JSON in the following ways:

• 'args' is updated to compile with C++17 because our helloworld.cpp uses C++17 language features.
• Changes the current working directory directive ('cwd') to the folder where helloworld.cpp is.

The command setting specifies the program to run. In this case, 'clang++' is the driver that causes the Clang compiler to expect C++ code and link against the C++ standard library.

The args array specifies the command-line arguments that will be passed to clang++. These arguments must be specified in the order expected by the compiler.

This task tells the C++ compiler to compile the active file (${file}), and create an output file (-o switch) in the current directory (${fileDirname}) with the same name as the active file (${fileBasenameNoExtension}), resulting in helloworld for our example.

The label value is what you will see in the tasks list. Name this whatever you like.

The problemMatcher value selects the output parser to use for finding errors and warnings in the compiler output. For clang++, you'll get the best results if you use the $gcc problem matcher.

The 'isDefault': true value in the group object specifies that this task will be run when you press ⇧⌘B (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+B). This property is for convenience only; if you set it to false, you can still build from the Terminal menu with Terminal > Run Build Task.

Note: You can learn more about task.json variables in the variables reference.

Running the build

1. Go back to helloworld.cpp. Because we want to build helloworld.cpp it is important that this file be the one that is active in the editor for the next step.

2. To run the build task that you defined in tasks.json, press ⇧⌘B (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+B) or from the Terminal main menu choose Run Build Task.

3. When the task starts, you should see the Integrated Terminal window appear below the code editor. After the task completes, the terminal shows output from the compiler that indicates whether the build succeeded or failed. For a successful Clang build, the output looks something like this:

4. Create a new terminal using the + button and you'll have a new terminal with the helloworld folder as the working directory. Run ls and you should now see the executable helloworld along with the debugging file (helloworld.dSYM).

5. You can run helloworld in the terminal by typing ./helloworld.

Modifying tasks.json

You can modify your tasks.json to build multiple C++ files by using an argument like '${workspaceFolder}/*.cpp' instead of ${file}. This will build all .cpp files in your current folder. You can also modify the output filename by replacing '${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}' with a hard-coded filename (for example '${workspaceFolder}/myProgram.out').

Debug helloworld.cpp

Next, you'll create a launch.json file to configure VS Code to launch the LLDB debugger when you press F5 to debug the program.

From the main menu, choose Run > Add Configuration... and then choose C++ (GDB/LLDB).

You'll then see a dropdown for predefined debugging configurations. Choose clang++ build and debug active file.

VS Code creates a launch.json file, opens it in the editor, and builds and runs 'helloworld'. Your launch.json file will look something like this:

The program setting specifies the program you want to debug. Here it is set to the active file folder ${fileDirname} and active filename ${fileBasenameNoExtension}, which if helloworld.cpp is the active file will be helloworld.

By default, the C++ extension won't add any breakpoints to your source code and the stopAtEntry value is set to false.

Change the stopAtEntry value to true to cause the debugger to stop on the main method when you start debugging.

Ensure that the preLaunchTask value matches the label of the build task in the task.json file.

Start a debugging session

1. Go back to helloworld.cpp so that it is the active file in the editor. This is important because VS Code uses the active file to determine what you want to debug.
2. Press F5 or from the main menu choose Run > Start Debugging. Before you start stepping through the source code, let's take a moment to notice several changes in the user interface:

• The Integrated Terminal appears at the bottom of the source code editor. In the Debug Output tab, you see output that indicates the debugger is up and running.

• The editor highlights the first statement in the main method. This is a breakpoint that the C++ extension automatically sets for you:

• The Run view on the left shows debugging information. You'll see an example later in the tutorial.

• At the top of the code editor, a debugging control panel appears. You can move this around the screen by grabbing the dots on the left side.

Step through the code

Now you're ready to start stepping through the code.

1. Click or press the Step over icon in the debugging control panel so that the for (const string& word : msg) statement is highlighted.

   The Step Over command skips over all the internal function calls within the vector and string classes that are invoked when the msg variable is created and initialized. Notice the change in the Variables window. The contents of msg are visible because that statement has completed.

2. Press Step over again to advance to the next statement (skipping over all the internal code that is executed to initialize the loop). Now, the Variables window shows information about the loop variable.

3. Press Step over again to execute the cout statement. Note As of the March 2019 version of the extension, no output will appear in the DEBUG CONSOLE until the last cout completes.

Set a watch

You might want to keep track of the value of a variable as your program executes. You can do this by setting a watch on the variable.

1. Place the insertion point inside the loop. In the Watch window, click the plus sign and in the text box, type word, which is the name of the loop variable. Now view the Watch window as you step through the loop.

2. To quickly view the value of any variable while execution is paused, you can hover over it with the mouse pointer.

C/C++ configuration

For more control over the C/C++ extension, create a c_cpp_properties.json file, which allows you to change settings such as the path to the compiler, include paths, which C++ standard to compile against (such as C++17), and more.

View the C/C++ configuration UI by running the command C/C++: Edit Configurations (UI) from the Command Palette (⇧⌘P (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+P)).

This opens the C/C++ Configurations page.

Visual Studio Code places these settings in .vscode/c_cpp_properties.json. If you open that file directly, it should look something like this:

You only need to modify the Include path setting if your program includes header files that are not in your workspace or the standard library path.

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Compiler path

compilerPath is an important configuration setting. The extension uses it to infer the path to the C++ standard library header files. When the extension knows where to find those files, it can provide useful features like smart completions and Go to Definition navigation.

The C/C++ extension attempts to populate compilerPath with the default compiler location based on what it finds on your system. The compilerPath search order is:

• Your PATH for the names of known compilers. The order the compilers appear in the list depends on your PATH.
• Then hard-coded XCode paths are searched, such as /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/

Mac framework path

On the C/C++ Configuration screen, scroll down and expand Advanced Settings and ensure that Mac framework path points to the system header files. For example: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks

Reusing your C++ configuration

VS Code is now configured to use Clang on macOS. The configuration applies to the current workspace. To reuse the configuration, just copy the JSON files to a .vscode folder in a new project folder (workspace) and change the names of the source file(s) and executable as needed.

Troubleshooting

Compiler and linking errors

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The most common cause of errors (such as undefined _main, or attempting to link with file built for unknown-unsupported file format, and so on) occurs when helloworld.cpp is not the active file when you start a build or start debugging. This is because the compiler is trying to compile something that isn't source code, like your launch.json, tasks.json, or c_cpp_properties.json file.

Next steps

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• Explore the VS Code User Guide.
• Review the Overview of the C++ extension
• Create a new workspace, copy your .json files to it, adjust the necessary settings for the new workspace path, program name, and so on, and start coding!